TABLE TOP EXERCISES THAT INFLUENCE INTERNATIONAL POLICY MAKING ‘EVENT 201’ WEF & GATES FOUNDATION

TABLE TOP EXERCISES ARE DESCRIBED AS A NORMAL TOOL OF PANDEMIC PREPAREDNESS TRAINING TO IMPROVE INTERNATIONAL COORDINATION & RESPONSE.. Several have already been acted out for International purposes at the  John Hopkins Centre For Health Bloomberg Public Health Center. Partners of the Center include :- Independent research & analysists. Supported by governments worldwide, foundations- funders and partners  etc., To name a few:- Open Society Foundations (George Soros) * World Health Org., (UN) WHO *Bell & Melinda Gates Foundation *Rockefeller Foundation* CEC * FDA and many more. The John Hopkins Centre was founded in 1998 by D A Henderson as a first Global-Govt Organization

JOHN HOPKINS – BLOOMBERG SCHOOLS OF PUBLIC HEALTH- CENTER FOR HEALTH SECURITY FUNDERS AND PARTNERS INCLUDE.. The Center conducts independent research and analysis, and our work is supported by government, foundations, and gifts. We are grateful for the generous support from our funders and partners. To study the vulnerability of US Civilian population to Biological Weapons. 25 plus years on the John Hopkins Health Security Bloomberg School’ s focus in ‘Severe Pandemics that threaten Our World

George Soros- Open Society Foundations *WHO *John Hopkins  * Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation *Rockefeller Foundation *Robert Wood Johnson Foundation U ASPR (Assistat Secretary for Prepared and Response *CDC *Homeland Security *FDA *DTRA *Alfred Sloan Foundation * de Beaument Foundation * Smith Richardson The Center was founded in 1998 by D.A. Henderson as the first nongovernment organization to study the vulnerability of the US civilian population to biological weapons and how to prevent, prepare, and respond to their consequences.

Between 1992- 2002 Published papers in Jama Medical Management of Biological Agents  *1999- 2000 Organized 2 National Symposia on Medical Health Response & Bio-terrorism *2001 was highly influential in government decisions to purchase a UN national Smallpox stockpile *2002 Became involved in the Guidance for Hospital and Communities in the US on Pandemic Preparedness Hospital Programmes *2003 Led & shaped US National efforts to engage the public in epidemic & disaster response policies & programs. Launched their 1st Peer Reviewed Journal in this field. Consequently Bioterrorism & Biosecurity was later renamed Health Security. In 2004 John Hopkins Health Security Centre’s research provoked US Policy of ‘Dual Use Research’. Startups publishing annual Health Security  federal funded articles. Which were used by the Media *Government to understand Bio-defense & Health Security

2006 John Hopkins Centre’s analysis * advocacy helped to form the ‘Pandemic & All-Hazards Preparedness Act and the Bio-medical Advanced Research & Development Authority (BARDA) *2011 John Hopkins Centre published its first ‘Nuclear Preparedness Guidance’ aimed at Public Health, medical and Civic Leader in the Rad Resilient City Initiative

2006 The John Hopkins Center analysis and advocacy helped to inform the framework for the Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act, as well as the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA).

2011 Published first nuclear preparedness guidance aimed at public health, medical, and civic leaders in the Rad Resilient City initiative. The initiative providing cities & their neighbors with a checklist of ‘preparedness actions’ following a nuclear detonation. Also provided leaders a Checklist of Preparedness’ as to the risk of terrorism

2012 John Hopkins created their first International Fellowship Program focused on building Bio-security leadership.. And a first effort report on how to allocate resources during a Pandemic. * In 2013 they helped lead-develop the US National Health Security Preparedness Index. (The first State to State Index on Health Preparedness)

2013-2014: John Hopkins Centre participated in debate referring to ‘Gain Of Function’-Potential Pathogen Research. This resulted in US Govt funding and a new US Policy *2014-2016 Established Track 2 – S E Asian-US & India -US Biosecurity dialogues * 2017 Published their first working paper in the field of ‘defining global catastrophic biological risks- catalyzing a new focus on these issues *John Hopkins Health Centre- Bloomberg School of Health Security are also well known worldwide for their famous ‘Table Top- Simulation Exercises. (1) 2001 ‘Dark Winter Exercise- Depicting a smallpox attack on the US- which led the US Govt to stockpile Smallpox Vaccines

The 2005 ‘Atlantic Storm’ Table-top simulation Exercise focusing on the Inter-dependence that is demonstrated among International Communities in the face of Epidemics & Biological Weapons. * Another John Hopkins Centre Exercise namely ‘CLADEX’ in 2018. Was a major table-top exercise on major political and policy decision making that would emerge if a global catastrophic biological event was to occur.

The one I find most interesting is John Hopkins Bloomberg Centre For Health Security – namely EVENT 201’ which took place on October 18th 2019. Only e months before the emergence of the COVID19 Pandemic. Of course Fact Checkers- and the usual participants- NGO’s- Govts etc., have said “Nothing to See Here- Its nothing to do with the emergence of the COVID 19 Pandemic”

The 18th October 2019 ‘201’ Global Pandemic Table-top Exercise was held at the Pierre Hotel in New York. The audience was by invite only (A livestream audience) Which has Video coverage on You Tube which can be viewed. The Tabletop exercise for the Global Pandemic was organized by the John Hopkins Center For Health Security, the World Economic Forum and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Funded by the ‘Open Philanthropy Project’

The Players (Actors) that participated in the Event 201 Table Top Exercise were individuals from Global Businesses, Govt & Public Health and involved Sofia Borges UN Foundation Senior Director at the New York Head Office of the UN * Dr Chris Elias -President of the Global Development Programme of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Dr Chris Elias serves as the President and CEO of PATH, an International non-profit organization and various other Advisory Boards including the Advisory Committee to the Director of the CDC & the Washington Global Health External Advisory Board. Also a Chair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Other participating actors of the ‘Global Pandemic Table-Top Exercise Event’ include Timothy Evans (McGill University. Associate Dean of the School Of Population and Global Health in the Faculty of Medicine & Associate Vice Principle of the Global Policy and Innovation. Has a important role at the World Bank Group (The Nutrition, Health Population Global Practice)

Timothy Evans joined McGill University in September 2019 as the Inaugural Director and Associate Dean of the School of Population and Global Health (SPGH) in the Faculty of Medicine and Associate Vice-Principal (Global Policy and Innovation). He joined McGill after a 6-year tenure as the Senior Director of the Health, Nutrition and Population Global Practice at the World Bank Group.

A Representative of WHO (World Health Org, UN). Dr Evans who was Assistant Director General of WHO from 2003-2010. He is at the forefront for the last 20 years advancing Global Health Equity & Global Health Systems. Leading the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Also over-seeing the production of the annual World Health Report (UN) A Co-Founder of many partnerships, including the Global Alliance on Vaccines & Immunization (GAVI). He led the China CDC Team from September to November 2013 in the fights against Ebola

Participants of the Global Pandemic Exercise Event 201 included Representatives of the UN in various Global Initiatives* Representative from Vodafone Foundation *ANZ Bank *Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Representative  *WEF Representation *Global Business Advisory Leader * Lufthansa Group Airlines * UPS Foundation *A major Media Company* A member of the Monetary Authority of Singapore *Global Health Johnson & Johnson

The Global Pandemic Exercise concluded with Recommendation including a Call of Action for Public-Private Partnerships for a Global Pandemic Preparedness Response. The John Hopkins Global Pandemic Table-top Exercise was played out like it was in reality the pending Global Pandemic with all the mandatory Restrictions. Involved Radio and TV Broadcasting. Mis-Disinformation Campaigns.

Economic and societal impacts- social consequences- suffering. Unpresented levels of collaboration between govts, international organizations and the Private Sector. Lockdowns, social distancing. The challenges posed by the populations. A new robust form of public-private cooperation to address the pandemic. Proposals were made by WEF * Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation * John Hopkins Centre for Health Security

This included Govts international organizations, business, have essential corporate capabilities to be utilized on a very large scale during the Pandemic. Stating public sectors will be over-whelmed. Economic losses. Social Media, communications systems, global news media needed to enable govts emergency response. Operational partnerships between govt responses

WHO currently had a influenza vaccine stockpile with contracts to pharmaceutical companies that they agreed to supply during a global Pandemic. WHOs ability to distribute vaccines and therapeutics to countries in the greatest need. WHO R& D Blueprint Pathogens to be deployed in clinical trials during outbreaks in collaborations with CEPT, GAVI and WHO with Bi- or multinational agreements

* Cancelling of travel by Air & by Sea. International Aviation and Shipping *Border measures. Leading to unjustified border measures. Fear & uncertainty. Severely affecting Employment, businesses.. global supplies of products etc., Vaccine deaths are absent.

November 19th 2019 WEF article on managing Risk & Impact of Guture Pandemics. Also a Private Sector Roundtable- A Global Agenda 19th November 2011. 12th May 2019 WEF Peter Sands. Outbreak – Readiness and Business Impact. Protecting Lives and Livelihoods across the Global economy.( WEF)

Also includes references to – The Center’s scholars researched these topics to inform the scenario.CAPS: The Pathogen and Clinical Syndrome (PDF) *Communication in a pandemic (PDF) *Event 201 Model (PDF) *Finance in a pandemic (PDF) *Medical countermeasures (PDF)

All reported as a fictional unplanned Global COVID 19 Pandemic outbreak but it was played out as if in reality 18th October 2019 prior to COVID19 global emergence. Also recommended was the SPARS Pandemic 2015-2028 Table-top exercise at the John Hopkins Centre For Health and Security (October 2017) A Futuristic Scenario for Public Health Risk Communicators

Recommended Citation Schoch-Spana M, Brunson EK, Shearer MP, Ravi S, Sell TK, Chandler H, Gronvall GK. The SPARS Pandemic, 2025-2028: A Futuristic Scenario for Public Health Risk Communicators. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security; October 2017.

This is a hypothetical scenario designed to illustrate the public health risk communication challenges that could potentially emerge during a naturally occurring infectious disease outbreak requiring development and distribution of novel and/or investigational drugs, vaccines, therapeutics, or other medical countermeasures. The infectious pathogen, medical countermeasures, characters, news media excerpts, social media posts, and government agency responses described herein are entirely fictional

LINK TO THE ‘ECHO CHAMBER’ SPARS PANDEMIC 2025- 2028 (https://centerforhealthsecurity.org/sites/default/files/2022-12/spars-pandemic-scenario.pdf)

https://centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/tabletop-exercises/event-201-pandemic-tabletop-exercise

OTHER LINKS OF INTEREST: 1 Global Health Security: Epidemics Readiness Accelerator. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/projects/managing-the-risk-and-impact-of-future-epidemics. Accessed 11/19/19

2 Private Sector Roundtable. Global health Security Agenda. https://ghsagenda.org/home/joining-the-ghsa/psrt/. Accessed 11/19/19

3 Peter Sands. Outbreak readiness and business impact: protecting lives and livelihoods across the global economy. World Economic Forum 2019. https://www.weforum.org/whitepapers/outbreak-readiness-and-business-impact-protecting-lives-and-livelihoods-across-the-global-economy. Accessed 12/5/19

https://www.weforum.org/press/2019/10/live-simulation-exercise-to-prepare-public-and-private-leaders-for-pandemic-response/

https://www.cni.org/topics/special-collections/event-201-why-werent-we-paying-attention

https://science.feedback.org/review/simulation-exercises-such-as-catastrophic-contagion-normal-part-pandemic-preparedness-dont-predict-future-pandemics/

WakeUpNZ

RESEARCHER Cassie

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NZ GOVERNMENT PARTNERSHIP WITH THE WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM ‘PRECISION FARMING’

REIMAGINING REGULATION FOR THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) PROJECT- NZ GOVERNMENT PARTNERING THE WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM
Precision Farming is also known as Smart Farming. Smart Farming like Smart Cities include significantly increased surveillance, monitoring of every aspect of your life.

Surveillance of non-humans and humans, the dual purpose of Smart Farming. Which leads to zilch freedom, your private life being highly monitored hence controlled by digital technology through Precision Farming/ Smart Farming.

‘Smart is increasingly a euphemism for surveillance. Cities in at least 56 countries worldwide have deployed surveillance technologies powered by automatic data mining, facial recognition, and other forms of artificial intelligence.
Urban surveillance is a multi-billion dollar industry, with Chinese and U.S.-based companies such as Axis, Dahua, Hikvision, Huawei, and ZTE leading the charge.

Now digital totalitarianism goes rural. Thus supercharging surveillance, encroaching on free speech, privacy, and data protection.
Identity collection devices are commonplace, having exploded across public and private spaces. Shanghai recently installed Alibaba’s City Brain public surveillance system, which oversees over 1,100 biometric facial recognition cameras. A combination of satellites, drones, and fixed cameras grab over 20 million images a day.

The bus, metro, and credit cards of local residents are also traced in real time. And these tools are spreading. Chinese firms are busily exporting surveillance tech to Latin America, other parts of Asia, and Africa, helping enable what some critics call digital authoritarianism.

New Zealand Government has its surveillance strategy as to COVID 19 monitoring. Public Health Surveillance of public health and data.
New Zealand surveillance data provided by ESR, funded by the Ministry of Health with the cooperation of the diagnostic laboratories.

Ministry of Health support enables ESR to provide some specific additional work, prioritised on the basis of national benefit and we are happy to collaborate with funded projects to mine the surveillance data. How transparent is this and how private?

The new coronavirus pandemic and related lockdown measures triggered a significant increase in digital control over people in many countries.
Search your history books how totalitarianism has caused torture, famines, millions murdered, imprisoned through Totalitarian Dictatorships. Under Digital Global Inclusion is our individual uniqueness being annihilated, is Newland as a sovereign nation being annihilated deliberately so, to replace, denounce NZ Citizenship for Global Citizenship?

Farming is the backbone of New Zealand, it’s credible to question , is this White Paper Project that refers to the NZ Governments partnership with the World Economic Forum part of the Global Digital Playbook to destroy the backbone of New Zealand through Smart Cities, Smart Farming (Precision Farming)?

Wake Up New Zealand. Carol Sakey.
PLEASE GO TO THE ARROW ABOVE THAT WILL LINK YOU TO MY RUMBLE VIDEO TO MORE IMPORTANT INFORMATION ON NZ GOVERNMENTS PARTNERSHIP WHITE PAPER WITH THE WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM.

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NZ GOVERNMENT PLAYS HUGE ROLE IN GLOBAL DIGITAL DICATORSHIP

Behind the closed doors of the political toilet bowl of Wellington the New Zealand Government is reaping its global glory as it promotes, makes plans and policies partnering with Google AI and the World Economic Forum and its UN official partnership with the UN.
International laws to control the planet, people and profit. The wealthy 0.01% of wealthy multistakeholder capitalist corporations, big tech, big pharma, Bayers-Monsanto GE seeds, Lab manufactured foods. A system, digital framework on a one global metric system that includes the now COVID19 restrictions right into year 2030.

The destruction of the world economy through COVID19 controls, restrictions – a window of opportunity to redesign your life, your diet the way you think, behave – live. The Government calls this ‘Unlocking New Zealand’s Digital Potential’. More censorship, more surveillance, trading privacy for security. A global Digital transformation…leave no-one behind, everyone, everywhere at every age. From the cradle to the grave.
Everyone monitored, controlled by a Communist Chinese Social Credit System, rewards and punishments. Comply – don’t comply you lose your freedoms. Using the bludgeoning of fear to control the people. (Fear is a liar).

Legal Fictions are rife through data in and data out, global metric systems, data modelling biases, predictions. Real Science is under attack. Real history is under attack. The citizens of New Zealand are under attack. Free Speech is under attack.

To learn more about this please go to my Rumble Video link in the image above, Thank you.

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MEDSAFE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS AS TO SAFETY POST COVID19 JABS

How will Medsafe assess the short and long-term efficacy and/or safety of a COVID-19 vaccine?

Medsafe will apply its usual assessment criteria for the evaluation of any COVID-19 vaccine submissions. We will use international regulatory guidance in general, and advice specific to COVID-19 vaccines.

Efficacy is determined by the results of clinical trial(s) and studies on the types of immune response generated by the vaccine.
Safety data will be available from the clinical trials. As for all medicines, additional safety information will be gathered from long-term follow-up of clinical trial participants and safety monitoring.

Most information provided to Medsafe as part of a medicine application is confidential to the pharmaceutical company. However, some detail such as the qualitative product formulation, site of manufacture, and the data sheet will be published on Medsafe website when the vaccine is approved
How long will the vaccines work?

At this stage, we do not know how long a vaccine might work for.

Where can I find the clinical, safety, and quality data that Medsafe evaluated to approve COVID-19 vaccines?
Information submitted to and held by Medsafe as part of the approval process is confidential to the respective pharmaceutical companies
Provisional consent allows conditions to be imposed on the vaccine, restricting its use by healthcare professionals according to the data available at the time of approval. Provisional consent was included in the Medicines Act to allow New Zealand patients to have early access to medicines with a significant unmet clinical need.

What happens when the provisional consent for a COVID-19 vaccine expires?
Provisional consent was granted to all three currently approved COVID-19 vaccines for a period of nine months. Prior to expiry of this period, provisional consent may be renewed for a further period of up to two years, full consent may be granted, or the consent may not be renewed.
Medsafe has renewed the provisional consent for Comirnaty for a period of two years and the renewed consent is valid until 3 November 2023.
COVID-19 Vaccine Safety – Questions and Answers PUBLISHED 27TH November 2021 MEDSAFE WEBSITE https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/COVID-19/q-and-a-vaccine-safety.asp

PLEASE NOTE:-Should I be getting a COVID-19 vaccine while I am pregnant?
Currently, the Comirnaty (Pfizer) vaccine is the only COVID-19 vaccine available in New Zealand. There is limited data with the use of Comirnaty in pregnant women. Animal studies have not indicated direct or indirect harmful effects in pregnancy, development of the fetus or the newborn.

WHAT ADVERSE EVENTS AFTER JABS ARE- doctors, nurses, DHB staff, pharmacists required to report to the Centre for Adverse Reactions Monitoring (CARM)?
There is no legal requirement for healthcare professionals to report adverse events following immunisation (AEFIs). However, we encourage healthcare professionals to report all AEFIs

ARE ADVERSE EVENTS OCCCURRING within a specified period after vaccination required to be reported to CARM?
There is no time limit for reporting adverse events.
Are adverse events listed by the vaccine manufacturer in the package inserts and data sheets required to be reported to CARM?
There is no legal requirement to report adverse events.

DOES THE JAB AFFECT FERTILITY:- Animal studies for the Comirnaty vaccine did not show any effect on fertility.

ARE THE COVID JABS SAFE FOR CHILDREN?..The Comirnaty vaccine is indicated for use in individuals aged 12 years and older. Clinical trials to assess safety and efficacy in children are ongoing.

WHAT MEDSAFE STUDIES HAVE MEDSAFE DONE.. to ensure the vaccine is safe for general use?
Medsafe does not conduct studies. Medsafe reviews the data submitted by the pharmaceutical company, including clinical trial data. See above for more information on the types of data that is required.

WHAT ARE THE ACCEPTABLE NUMBER OF SIDE EFFECTS? We encourage healthcare professionals and consumers to report any suspected side effect to a COVID-19 vaccine. For this reason, and because so many people will be receiving a vaccine, we expect many side effects to be reported.
Receiving large numbers of reports also indicates that the reporting system is working and easy to use.

Research and Data on vaccinating young people. https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/diseases-and-conditions/covid-19-novel-coronavirus/covid-19-vaccines/covid-19-vaccine-health-advice/covid-19-vaccine-and-children-information-parents-and-caregivers (US Wide- over 17 million 12-15yr ods in the US)

Immunization Advisory Centre. https://covid.immune.org.nz/faq/myocarditis-and-covid-19-vaccine-new-zealand
Myocarditis and the COVID-19 vaccine in New Zealand
An increased risk of heart inflammation (myocarditis, pericarditis, or both) has been observed in people who have received mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in overseas studies, particularly in males under 30 years of age after the second vaccine dose.
After treatment, many patients live long, full lives free from the effects of myocarditis. For others, however, ongoing cardiovascular medication or even a heart transplant may be needed

Covid-19: Vaccinations for children aged 5 to 11 due to begin …
https://www.stuff.co.nz › … · Whakamāoritia tēnei whārangi
1 Haki 2021 — Vaccinations for children aged 5 to 11 years are expected to start before the end of January reportef Covid-19 Response Minister Chris Hipkins PLEASE NOTE WHAT MEDSAFE REPORTS AS TO SAFETY FOR CHILDREN POST COVID JABS- Do not state Safe or Not. Do not respond to safety post jab question as a Yes or No.

Covid-19: Pfizer vaccine approved for children aged 5-11…
Medsafe has granted provisional approval for the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine for children aged 5 to 11 years old.
Pfizer has plans to trial the vaccine in children aged 6 months to 5 years, and Moderna has ongoing trials to test the safety and efficacy of vaccines in children under 12 years old.
Pfizer revealed that there were very few serious adverse events and no deaths during the phase 2 and 3 trials of children aged 5–12 years. He also explained that the side effects were similar to those that adults experience

October 29, 2021 https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-authorizes-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine-emergency-use-children-5-through-11-years-age

WHAT IS EMERGENCY USE AUTHORIZATION ? An Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) is a mechanism to facilitate the availability and use of medical countermeasures, including vaccines, during public health emergencies, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. Under an EUA, FDA may allow the use of unapproved medical products, or unapproved uses of approved medical products in an emergency to diagnose, treat, or prevent serious or life-threatening diseases or conditions when certain statutory criteria have been met, including that there are no adequate, approved, and available alternatives. Taking into consideration input from the FDA, manufacturers decide whether and when to submit an EUA request to FDA.
Once submitted, FDA will evaluate an EUA request and determine whether the relevant statutory criteria are met, taking into account the totality of the scientific evidence about the vaccine that is available to FDA.

https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/COVID-19/q-and-a-vaccine-approval.asp

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UN DEEPLY EMBEDDED POWER IMBALANCES- HUMAN RIGHTS

INFORMATION FOR THOSE THAT SAY THE NUREMBERG TRIALS (NUREMBERG CODE) NO LONGER RELATE TO HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS TODAY:-

REFERENCES ARE MADE TO THE: United Nations A/64/272 General Assembly Distr.: General 10 August 2009
Sixty-fourth session Item 71 (b) of the provisional agenda

Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms

This report discusses the need for laws and international instruments to take into account the vulnerability of certain individuals whose rights are compromised owing to deeply rooted power imbalances and structural inequalities, presenting particular responsibilities to States and health-care providers to protect the human dignity and autonomy of all persons.
In the recommendations, the Special Rapporteur urges: –
(a) States to meet their obligations to safeguard informed consent through legislative, political and administrative mechanisms;
(b) Health-care providers to be cognizant that, according to their duty to act in the best interests of the patient, they are key players in protecting informed consent
(c) National and international bodies to emphasize the importance of informed consent as a fundamental aspect of the right to health in relevant policy and practice.

The concept of consent has evolved for centuries to arrive at its current meaning. In the aftermath of the Nuremberg Trials, increased international recognition of patients’ rights developed in the twentieth century, defining the responsibility of health-care providers and States responsibilities to the patient.

In 1947, the Nuremberg Code asserted that the voluntary consent of the human subject to medical research is necessary under all circumstances. The Declaration of Helsinki (1964) further developed the Code principles and tied them to the ethical duties of physicians, as outlined in the Declaration of Geneva (1948)

In 1994, the World Health Organization Amsterdam Declaration on Patients’ Rights required informed consent as a prerequisite for any medical intervention, guaranteeing also the right to refuse or halt medical interventions.
Informed consent is not mere acceptance of a medical intervention, but a voluntary and sufficiently informed decision, protecting the right of the patient to be involved in medical decision-making, and assigning associated duties and obligations to health-care providers. Its ethical and legal normative justifications stem from its promotion of patient autonomy, self-determination, bodily integrity and well-being. Important components of informed consent are discussed below-

Respect for legal capacity Competency to consent is a status known as legal capacity generally determined by the ability to comprehend, retain, believe and weigh information provided in arriving at a decision. Legal capacity is presumed in adult persons and renders them the right to consent to, refuse or choose an alternative medical intervention.

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